The decay time is the same idea as the attack time, except it determines how quickly the attenuation increases once the signal goes back below threshold. Too quick a decay time and you'll clip off the drum sound tails. Too slow and it may not be closed before the next drum hit.

The range control is what sets how "closed" the gate is. When set to max attenuation (say, -80dB; negative dB gain is attenuation!), when the gate is closed, there is 80 dB attenuation from the input to the output. That's closed! Now, as to why you would want to control the amount of attenuation: imagine putting a gate on, say, background vocals. When the person isn't singing, the gate is closed and the background noise disappears. When (s)he sings, the gate opens, and the background noise is present. It's a bit odd sounding, so by setting the range to, say, -10, the difference between open and closed isn't so startling. It's as if you pulled the channel fader down to -10. If you set the range to 0 dB, there is no gating action at all. Gates usually don’t have a “positive” range, since they do not add gain.

Now, for the frequency controls. These controls let you tune the frequency range the gate responds to. For example, say you're gating the rack toms, and there's a loud crash cymbal right above them. With the frequency controls "wide open" (low at min, high at max), the gate may respond to the cymbals as well as the drum, which is not what you want. So, you use the frequency controls to set the passband that the gate responds to...so, for a rack tom, set the LF to something like 50 Hz, and the HF to something like 500 Hz (or whatever). Since the majority of the cymbal's energy is not in that passband, the gate won't respond to it. But the rack tom does have a lot of energy there, and the gate opens when the tom is hit.

It is important to remember that the frequency controls do not affect the tonality of the audio! Also, some gates have slightly-different controls for setting the gate passband. It’s similar to a parametric EQ – there is a center frequency knob and a Q control. The Q sets the width of the band centered on the center frequency. Some gates may have just the center-frequency control and a fixed Q.

Now, for some technical details: The gate is based on a device called a Voltage-Controlled Amplifier (or VCA). This is a device whose gain (and attenuation) are set by a Control Voltage. The audio signal through the VCA is usually called the audio path.

The Control Voltage is derived by something called the sidechain, which is parallel to the audio path. The gate’s input is split into two outputs; one drives the audio path and the VCA, the other drives the sidechain. The sidechain uses a circuit called a detector to "look" at the audio and generate a DC voltage that corresponds to the level of the audio. This voltage is modified by the threshold, attack, hold, decay and range controls to come up with the proper Control Voltage to set the VCA to do the right thing. You should note that none of the gate’s controls affect the audio directly – they affect the control voltage to the VCA, which affects the audio level. A gate has no affect on the tonality of the audio.

Note that the frequency controls come before the detector. Therefore, they affect what the detector responds to. Also, side-chain inserts come before the detector.

The detector is probably the most important part of the gate circuitry. A poor choice of detector can make a gate built around the world’s best VCA chip a piece of junk!

A noise gate is really a special case of a device called a downward expander. (Aside: an expander affects signals both above and below a threshold; a downward expander only affects signals below a threshold. That’s an important distinction.) Instead of having a range control, an expander has a ratio control. Ratios are expressed as in : out, where in is the input level in dB, and out is the output level in dB. Ratios range from 1:1 (meaning no expansion) to 1:10 and higher (lots of expansion).

When the signal is below threshold on an expander, it is attenuated by an amount determined by the ratio control. So, for example, if you set your downward expander ratio to 1:4, that means that for every 1 dB below threshold, the VCA will attenuate the signal by 4 dB. A signal at –4 dB, then, would be attenuated by 16 dB. A gate is nothing more than a downward expander with a very high ratio, in much the same way that a limiter is a compressor with a very high ratio.

Finally, regarding gate usage: Gates are a double-edged sword, and they can be immensely frustrating devices if the drummer is either very uneven with his playing, or if he's got an excellent sense of dynamics. Too much gating and the good drummer's quieter parts get clipped off (unless you're riding them, which you have to do). Not enough gating, and the lousy tone of the bad drummer rings forever.