The “Wall Of Sound” To Now - A PA Evolution Odyssey
The author discusses the ideas behind the iconic PA approach deployed long ago for the Grateful Dead, and how it influenced his own system designs and thinking along the way
+- Print Email Share Comments (8) RSS RSS

Back in 1974, the Grateful Dead put together what was easily the most unique, experimental and perhaps complex sound system ever configured for live sound reinforcement in that era.

This system was named the “Wall of Sound” and jt was a complete divergence from conventional sound reinforcement thinking.

There were two key concepts combined together resulting in a very interesting outcome:

1) Because PA systems of the day were stacked on either side of the stage and often blocked audience sight lines, they designed a sound system that was placed behind the band and acted as both the PA system, their instrument amps and as their monitor system (way for the band to hear themselves).

2) They found that when all the various instruments and vocals were mixed together into the PA speakers the sound was less clear than when each instrument was amplified separately.

To deal with this, they actually designed and used a separate sound system for each instrument and another sound system for the vocals totaling six PA systems!

While a giant step in forward thinking was made, it was not without issues. Having the sound system directly behind that band meant the speakers are pointed straight into the microphones.

Also, the sheer complexity and magnitude of the setup greatly limited the venues that it could be implemented and the fact that the sound system became the entire stage backdrop relegated it to become a niche concept that possibly could only be used by its creators and equally unique Grateful Dead.

Wall of Sound above, and below, the Stones PA behind the scrims (click to enlarge)

And as you can see in the top photo at right, it did not make for the cleanest stage set, while to provide some contrast, the photo below at right is a cool old picture of The Rolling Stones stage setup with the PA located behind the lips scrim.

Even with it’s awkwardness, the concept of the Wall of Sound was so intriguing that I had to try it and understand it.

I finally got that opportunity in 1986 while touring with Black Flag when, after some persuading, we talked the band into letting us set up the Rat PA in a mini Wall of Sound configuration.

Since I had designed and Rat Sound had built Black Flag’s guitar and bass cabinets exactly the same dimensions as the Rat PA, the system fit together really well. (That system is pictured directly below.)

Rat Sound’s Black Flag PA (click to enlarge)

On the upside the system was incredibly clear sounding while on the downside, it sounded a bit distant and the sound bleeding into the mics was cumbersome enough not to continue with that setup.

The most important thing is that I learned enough to set my sights on someday resolving the issues.

Twenty years later, through a roundabout way I have come full circle. My testing in designing the MicroWedge Series clarified my understanding and goals.


Comments (8) Most recent displayed first | All comments in chronological order
Posted by brad000123  on  10/22/11  at  02:50 AM
This is a fantastic site and very engaging too. Excellent work! That’s not really much coming from an amateur publisher like me, but it’s all I could think after enjoying your posts. Not like other site. You really know what you’re talking about too. So much that you made me want to explore more. Your blog has become a stepping stone for me, my friend. Thanks for the detailed journey. I really enjoyed the posts that I have read so fartestking 000-977 = testking 000-978 =

000-979 testking = 10g dba test = 117-101 testking = 117-102 testking = 11g exams = test king 156-215.70 =

Posted by wapexp itcollege  on  10/21/11  at  04:54 AM
Honda Civic Alternator

Funny maternity clothes need not necessarily be expensive, as you may get funny maternity t-shirts for less than $30! There are t-shirts that have inscriptions such as "not in a good mood", "baby on board", "I'm pregnant, what's your excuse?", " I'm making a human, what did you do today?", "Already smarter than Bush", "I just wanted a back rub" etc. There are funny clothes available for the father of the child too, with funny inscriptions such as "See how my boys swim,” "Man behind the belly"; "My pregnant wife scares me" etc.

Posted by bucko  on  09/25/11  at  12:49 PM
thanks for the info, I like the idea of 2 systems for FOH i will try that 1 for sure
Posted by Joe Lotito  on  09/21/11  at  05:06 PM
Dave mentions the differences in amplification between then and now. A bit of amplifier trivia -Some of the amps used for the Dead systems were McIntosh designs, MI-350(or MC3500) 125lb, 350W RMS fan cooled mono tube units, which were rated to handle loads down to 1 ohm, in 1968! I have also seen reference to the Dead using similar looking McIntosh MC2300 solid state stereo units -rated 300W/ch or 600W mono, usable down to 0.5 ohm - for their Wall of sound at Woodstock. I have seen these amps in use on stage as late as the 1980s. Not sure if any are still in use by touring bands.

The MI-350 was a derivation of a 1949 McIntosh design by an engineer named Mile Nestorovic, who later formed his own company and marketed primarily home audio components. He may have also had a hand in the MC2300, though I am unsure of that.

Early high power transistor amps were not true complementary designs, as high power pnp output devices were not readily available and manufacturers used quasi-complementary designs based on npn transistors. When these failed they would often take the loudspeaker with them so protection circuits needed to be incorporated to protect the speakers. To my knowledge the tube units did not have such issues and the output transformers also permitted a wide range of load impedances to be connected. I suspect these are some of the reasons tube amps continued to be used for PA and FOH applications for many years,

not to mention a possible preference for the sound quality over early solid state designs. Of course by the late 70s-early 80s technology was changing. Who would lug around a truck load of 125lb amps to get 300-350W/channel today ?

McIntosh is note worthy for producing high power, high quality, reliable tube amps. Today the Manley 500 is available, though I don't know if anyone has taken these on tour. Does anyone know ?

Posted by Brad Ediger  on  09/21/11  at  11:28 AM
I had the priviledge of working with the creator of the original WOS for the Dead on several occasions... His name was Joe Corchoran from San Francisco. His dad, at the time, had the largest Sound reinforcement company in the area. The Dead found out Joe's dad had the biggest PA around.

He built the first WOS for the Dead. I believe it was originally because the stage was built too small and they were problem solving so the PA would not sit in the mud. They loved it and made it a trademark look.

Joe: "I'm not a druggy. The first time you spike my food with acid, I'm taking all my toys home!"

They never messed with him...


+ View all comments on this article

Commenting is not available in this weblog entry.